Аннотация:This paper is related to the phenomenon of RNA-editing in different species – from protozoa and plants to humans. Various types of RNA-editing are considered including deletions/inserts and replacement of separate nucleotides in mitochondria, nucleus and chloroplasts. RNA-editing types can be both common for all the three (C>U editing desamination) and more special for certain cellular organelles (U-deletion/insert editing in trypanosome mitochondria; A>I editing desamination in cytoplasm and nucleus of nuclear and virus pre-mRNA). There are also some conditionally minor and exotic RNA-editing types. The review examines a possible connection of RNA-editing phenomenon with other gene expression processes (transcription, translation, splicing, etc.) in individual organism development and in phylogenesis. Particular attention is paid to the complicated editing complexes (editosomes) organization formed from various non-enzyme components (such as mRNA, small guiding RNA – mitochondrial gRNAs and nuclear/nucleolar snRNAs/snoRNAs, additional protein factors, Zn+2 , etc.) and enzyme activities (such as RNA-ligase, endo- and exonuclease, end uridine transferase, desaminase, helicase, etc.). The reviews consider the fact of matrix RNA-editing dependence from mRNA (such as at C>U desamination), two-strand RNA (such as at A>I desamination) or mixed gRNA-mRNA hybrid chimera (such as at U-deletion /insert editing). Different RNA-editing types connected with deletions/inserts and certain nucleotide replacements are accompanied by numerous effects such as nucleotide replacements in amino acid codons, appearance/dissapearance of stop/start codons, reading frame shift, the order of RNA fragment restoration in splicing and others. In the result of these effects there may appear previously concealed protein polymorphism, elongated and shortened protein forms (such as apolipoprotein-B). The review notes a possible connection of protein and other types of polymorphism with RNA-editing in different normal and pathologic processes (including oncogenesis). The second part of the book discusses hypothetical mechanisms (variable Individual Epitope REverseTranslatio, vIERT; Vector-Like Nucleic Sequence Transfer, VLNS-transfer ; Genetic Shuttle Feedback Systems, GSF-systems) and the possibility of their synchronization with RNA editing and other mechanisms of gene expression and modification/genome.
