Аннотация:Today, the neutron matter and neutron stars are already substantially rooted in the nuclear and astrophysics, and it is logical to have their consideration of them in terms of chemical properties and principles of general chemistry.
The paper deals with the formation of neutron matter and, in addition to the gravitational neutronization, considers other mechanisms, such as condensation of ultracold neutrons (UCN) and neutronization by critical increasing of atomic number of elements in the Periodic System (PS). Thus the question of the "end" of System is raised, but if we start from the Mendeleev’s original representations of PS, the neutron matter must be inevitably considered in the group of noble gases and at the "beginning" of the System. Also, the possibility of chemical interaction of UCN with molecules of substances with an odd number of electrons is considered. The possible plan of the experiment on "chemistry" of UCN is discussed. The extension of PS beyond classic chemicals and their coverage of much wider matter of the Universe, based on the forgotten ideas of DI Mendeleev,is proposed. Moreover, the PS is begun with the neutron and its isotopes (dineutron, tetraneutron et al) and ended with a neutron stellar material.
Keywords: Neutron, Neutron matter, Noble gases, Periodic system of elements, Neutronization, Zero period.
Neutron matter, from the point of view of General Chemistry, can be formally attributed to chemically simple (i.e., it can not be decomposed further into simpler by chemical means), then inevitably the question arises about the Element, it corresponds to, and its place in the Periodic System (PS). Based on the logic of the Periodic Law (PL) - (atomic number = electric charge) - atomic number of neutron matter will correspond to zero, which brings to mind the Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev's idea of the zero group and period. D.I. Mendeleev assumed the existence elements X and Y that should go before the Hydrogen. The element X (Mendeleev called it "Newtonium") got its place in the periodic table – in the zero period and the zero group as an analog of the lightest noble gas. In addition, Mendeleev admitted the existence of another element lighter than the Hydrogen - an element Y, « Coronium (Crownium)» [1,2].
The problem of "zero group and period" becomes clear, if we extend the concept of "atom" - not only as the sum of electrical charges but also other types of charge (baryon and lepton). Then, a positronium (a pair of electron-positron) is found its place before the Hydrogen in the PS, which has long been regarded as the atomic system, as well as Mendeleev’s Newtonium as its isotopes: neutronium (neutron and antineutron) and neutrinium (neutrino-antineutrino) [2].
It should be noted that issue of "zero" elements repeatedly raised after D.I. Mendeleev’s works, for example, Ernest Rutherford in 1920 [2,4] and Andreas von Antropov (Andreas von Antropoff) in 1926 (before the discovery of the neutron itself) postulated them as a designation for a hypothetical element with the atomic number zero, which was placed in the top of the periodic table [3]. The term "neutronium" was first proposed by A. Antropov, but he meant by this term the neutron, which had not been discovered yet but was expected. Today, the dineutron and tetraneutron can claim this place in the PS, which have already appeared in the literature [5,6] and which can be formally considered as neutron isotopes. It is not difficult to see that the matter of neutron stars itself, which was predicted in 1937 by L.D. Landau and was opened in 1968 by astronomers from Cambridge, can be considered from the point of view of isotopy of Neutronium element. Thus, its zero position in the PS corresponds to the representation of it as a "singular point", which is an association of micro- and mega-World, which has been repeatedly said by philosophers and scientists.
The process of conversion of ordinary matter into the neutron matter under the influence of gravitational forces in the evolution of some stars is called Neutronization. In the final stages of the evolution of some stars the density of matter is greatly increased, and the electron gas becomes degenerate. The energy of degenerate electrons reaches such a magnitude that they can overcome the energy barrier and be captured by atomic nuclei. The processes of so-called inverse beta decay begin to take place, through which protons are converted inside the atomic nucleus into neutrons. It is this process of multiple electron capture by nuclei, which is accompanied by the emission of neutrinos and the formation of the neutron matter, is called Neutronization.
CONCLUSION
Thus, the neutron matter in our time is quite concrete physical reality, which strongly demands its rightful place in the PS and to be studied from point of view of not only its physical but also chemical, and possibly in the near future, technical properties.
The Periodic System of elements begins (zero period) with the neutron matter, or rather with the Element it corresponds to, and finishes (supercritical atoms) by it. The neutron matter is conferred resistance already at the micro-level by means of Tamm interaction, not just at the macro-level due to the gravitational interaction, as it is now considered to be in astrophysics. The possibility of neutronization is not only due to the gravitational interaction, but also due to other mechanisms (supercritical increase the atomic number of elements and UCNs condensation), so there is a principal possibility of the neutron matter obtaining in the Earth conditions. The neutron matter is necessary link connecting (inducing a bridge) the micro-, the macro- and mega-World, from the free neutron to the neutron stars and the black holes. The neutron matter consistently fits into the original concept of the Periodic Law and the System proposed by Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleyev [1,2,21,22,23].
LITERATURE
1. Mendeleev D.I. Periodic law // Works. L.-M., Vol.2, 1934 .; Edited by AN Bach, BN Vyropaeva, IA Kablukova and others-L .: Goskhimtehizdat.- 520c.
2. Ryazantsev G.B, G.K Lavrenchenko The modern view of "zero" in the periodic table of elements of D.I. Mendeleev //Technical gases. - 2014.-№1.-C. 3-10.
3. von Antropoff A. Eine neue Form des periodischen Systems der Elementen // Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Chemie 39 (23): 722-725. (1926) doi: 10.1002 / ange.19260392303.
4. Kikoin A.K. Outside table // Quant. - 1991. - № 1. - S. 38,39,42-44.
5. Marques F.M., Orr N.A., Achouri N.L., et al. Comment on "First Observation of Ground State Dineutron Decay": 16Be // Phys. Rev. Lett ..- 2012.-T. 109.-S. 239201
6. Aleksandrov D.V., Nikol'skii E.Yu., Novatskii B.G. et al. «Search for Resonances in the Three- and Four-Neutron Systems in the 7Li (7Li, 11C) 3n and 7Li (7Li, 10C) 4n Reactions» // JETP Letters - 2005. 81 (2): 43-46.DOI: 10.1134 / 1.1887912.
7. Zel'dovich B., Popov V.S. Electronic structure of superheavy atoms // UFN 105 403-440 (1971)
8. Dirac P.Α.M. The Quantum Theory of the Electron // Proc. Roy. Soc. 117, 610; 118, 341 (1928).
9. Pomeranchuk I.Ya., Smorodinsky Y.A. On energy levels in systems with> 137 // J. Phys. 9 USSR, 97 (1945).
10. Gershtein S.S., Zel'dorovich Ya.B. Positron Production During the Mutual Approach of Heavy Nuclei and the Polarization of the Vacuum // Soviet Physics JETP. - 1970.- Vol. 30. - № 2 - P. 358-361.
11. Panchapakesan N. Charge Distribution Around a Nuc-leus with Z> 137 // Phys. Lett. 35B, 522 (1971).
12. Tamm I.E. The theory of nuclear forces and nuclear // Collection of scientific works, Volume 1, of the "Nauka", Moscow, 1975, p. 283-326
13. Shapiro F.L. Neutron Research // Collected Works. Moscow: Science, 1976. Kn. 2:. - 1976 - 348
14. Ignatovich V.K. Ultracold neutrons - discovery and research // UFN, 166 m, number 3, 1996, s.303-324 file: /// C: / Documents% 20and% 20Settings / User / My% 20dokumenty / r963d% 20 (1). .pdf
15. [Electronic resource]: Ultracold neutrons // http://femto.com.ua/ articles / part_2 / 4211.html.
16. Serebrov A.P., Boldarev S.T., Erykalov A.N. et al. Supersource of ultracold neutrons at wr-m reactor in pnpi and the research program on fundamental physics // Physics Procedia. - 17 - (2011). - 251-258.
17. Lihosherstnyh H.W. What is stronger than anything else // Chemistry and Life №7, 1980, p. 31-33 http://www.nts-lib.ru/Online/fiz/proch.html
18. Savchenko V.I. "Black Stars", "Children's Literature Publishing House," 1960
19. [Electronic resource]: Neytrid in the world - today, now // http://forum.nsu.ru/viewtopic.php?t=14754?
20. EA Cornell, Wieman KE, Ketterle V. "Nobel lectures in physics - 2001" // Phys 173 1319 http://ufn.ru/ru/articles/2003/12/c/
21. Ryazantsev G.B., Lavrenchenko G.K. Neutron matter as a "beginning" and "end" of the periodic system of D.I. Mendeleev //T echnical gases. - 2016.-№4.-C. 41-49.
22. Ryazantsev G.B. The problem of "zero" in the works of Mendeleyev // Science and Life, number 2, pp. 76-80, 2014. http://www.nkj.ru/archive/articles/23734/
23. Ryazantsev G.B., Khaskov M.A., Beckman I.N.Chemical properties of the neutron matter and its place in the Periodic system of elements // 24th International Seminar on Interaction of Neutrons with Nuclei: «Fundamental Interactions & Neutrons, Nuclear Structure, Ultracold Neutrons, Related Topics» Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, JINR place of publication, Dubna, Russia, abstract, 2016