The Concept of the Modern Molecular Clock and Experience in Estimating Divergence Times of Eulipotyphla and Rodentia

Bannikovaa, A.A.; Lebedev, V.S.

Авторы: Bannikovaa A.A., Lebedev V.S.
Журнал: Biology Bulletin Reviews
Том: 12
Номер: 5
Год издания: 2022
Издательство: Pleiades Pub.
Местоположение издательства: Tortola, British Virgin Islands, British Virgin Islands
Первая страница: 459
Последняя страница: 482
DOI: 10.1134/S2079086422050024
Аннотация: Almost 60 years have passed since the degree of DNA difference between two species was discoveredto be a function of the time since their divergence. Later, it became clear that there is no universal molecularclock and the rate of molecular evolution varies greatly depending on the gene and phylogenetic lineage,correlating with biological characteristics (generation length, body size, and fertility) and features of thegenome. The development of the molecular clock concept is associated with progress in methods that allowthe degree of inconstancy of the rate of molecular evolution to be taken into account and measured. Currently,dating is mostly performed using Relaxed Clock methods, which rely on various models of the evolutionrate (for example, with or without autocorrelation of rates in adjacent branches). Another relevant factorthat allows reduction of the errors of molecular dating is the increase in the amount of data up to the genomiclevel, which enhances the requirements for computationally efficient algorithms and the methods of data partitioning.A separate problem is the time dependence of evolutionary rate estimates (the phenomenon of ratedecay), which is especially important for the analysis of recent history. In the absence of an adequatesequence evolution model, time estimates can be significantly biased, which often affects the results obtainedwith mtDNA. One of the most important trends is the development of methods for obtaining calibrationinformation: the more complete use of the constantly and rapidly growing volume of paleontological data,the analysis of paleoDNA, and other variants of heterochronous data. Despite the fact that the accuracy ofestimates of the levels of molecular divergences continues to grow, the uncertainty in dating persists, largelydue to the ambiguity of calibrations and the shortcomings of existing models of DNA sequence evolution.
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