Демьянков В.З. Лингвокреативность в дискурсах о возможном и вероятном // Лингвокреативность в дискурсах разных типов: Пределы и возможности / Отв. ред. И.В. Зыкова. М.: Р. Валент, 2021. (Институт языкознания Российской академии наук) – С. 21–104

Демьянков, В.З.

Автор: Демьянков В.З.
Сборник: Лингвокреативность в дискурсах разных типов: Пределы и возможности: коллективная монография / Отв. ред. И.В. Зыкова
Редакторы: Соколова Ольга Викторовна, Фещенко Владимир Валентинович
Глава в коллективной монографии
Год издания: 2021
Место издания: Р.Валент, Москва
Первая страница: 21
Последняя страница: 104
Аннотация: Language acquisition requires mastering of grammatical, phonetic, etc. rules of a language system as a Saussurean ‘langue’ as well as acquaintance with ever- changing linguistic fashion, with the collocations of which authentical language use consists. The latter sort of knowledge presupposes mastering of stereotypes and clichés distinguishing a fluent speaker of mother tongue from a novice or a foreigner. At the same time, the stereotypes and clichés are usually thought of as opposed to creative speech.Creative speech must be untypical, it must surprise. Evaluating creativity of language use presupposes an interpreter’s experience emerging as a result of assembling data on previous use of linguistic means and making decisions on usual and/or unusual choice of linguistic means. The notion of creativity therefore implies the ideas of its contraries, such as typicality, possibility, probability, etc. Measuring creativity may therefore be based on fuzzy knowledge of which expressions are untypical in a given context. Fuzziness in language may be explicit or implicit. Explicit hedges like ‘probably’, ‘likely’, and ‘possibly’ in Russian and in West-European languages belong to the class of manipulative means in all sorts of discourse, including political and everyday communication. Unlike explicit hedges, implicit ones do not stress doubt or hesitation, they do not typically openly confront concurrent views. Metaphors as a sort of implicit hedges, in which evaluation is deeply concealed, may influence sub-consciousness of the audience, sometimes drastically changing prevailing opinions. Interestingly, the negative forms meaning ‘impossibly’ and ‘improbably’, are ambiguous in Russian and in some other languages: in addition to their literal meaning of non-existence and unlikeliness, they are also used as epithets implying the highest degree. Thus, ‘neveroyatno vazhnyj’ (literally, “of improbable importance”) normally means “of great importance”. Such and similar modality expressions are linguistic means of accommodating discourse to real and fantastic worlds humans construct when they interpret texts. These expressions function as borderlines between such worlds. Double occurrences of these expressions as well as their negations and nominalizations in a large Russian corpus illustrate semantic and pragmatic differences between these hedges. A prototype of lexical description of Russian, English, and Spanish lexical items meaning ‘possible’ and ‘probable’ is proposed which helps measuring degrees of ‘contextual creativity’ based on frequencies both of lexical items in question and of their contexts in a representative corpus of Russian, English, and Spanish original texts. Frequencies of different contexts of these lexical items are analyzed, some tentative explanations of their differences are put forward. Thus, the lexical items of the ‘possible’ type are several times more frequent in these corpora than the ‘probable’ type. Most frequently, ‘possible’ and ‘probable’ are markers of a propositional attitude and introduce a subordinate clause or an infinitive phrase containing the evaluated proposition. In the role of epithets they are usually interpreted figuratively.
Добавил в систему: Демьянков Валерий Закиевич

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