The Concept of Bird Species: Theory and Practice

Koblik, E.A.; Red’kin, Y.A.; Volkov, S.V.; Mosalov, A.A.

Авторы: Koblik E.A., Red’kin Ya A., Volkov S.V., Mosalov A.A.
Журнал: Biology Bulletin
Том: 47
Номер: 7
Год издания: 2020
Издательство: M A I K Nauka - Interperiodica
Местоположение издательства: Russian Federation
Первая страница: 707
Последняя страница: 723
DOI: 10.1134/S1062359020070079
Аннотация: Abstract—As it has presently become evident, reproductive isolation can no longer be considered as the leading criterion for estimating the species limits, but it is still used for determining the status of the majority ofmorphs. The presence/absence of hybridization between individuals is not directly related to the degree oftheir evolutionary insularity. Hybridization can result in the origin of new morphs including those that havespecies status. The application of phylogenetic methods is justified in reconstructing the relation links withincomplex groups including the morphs of various evolutionary levels (from geographical races to “good” species), the relationships between which are exacerbated by hybridogenous polymorphism and/or the hybridization origins of their populations. Taking into account both new data and new conceptions, we suggest genuine interrelated definitions of concepts such as species, subspecies, and semispecies in birds. The definitionsare based on two main criteria: biological, i.e., an evaluation of the reproductive relations of the particularmorphs with each other, and phylogenetic, i.e., an evaluation of their evolutionary age and kinship. The mainfeature of a species as an evolutionary entity should be considered through its stability in time even when itsreproductive isolation is periodically broken. Geographic intraspecies races show sustainable variations ofdifferent degrees, but they have no reproductive isolation; they breed upon contact and form intergradationzones. They are taxonomically denoted as subspecies. Descriptions of new subspecies are viable to the limitsthat reflect the species’ natural geographic structure to the fullest extent. For the young morphs that havereached the level of species insularity in the course of evolution, it seems appropriate to restore a semispeciescategory. Semispecies show significant morphological differences and distinguished ecological particularities, as a rule, but they are connected to closely related morphs by gene flows in contact zones. Distinguishingthis category is not regulated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and, as splitter tendencies prevail in modern systematics, semispecies are more often equated to species; i.e., they have binominalnames. We propose to denote the attribution of a semispecies to a particular species group (superspecies) inparentheses between genus and species names. Thus, it would become possible to outline natural complexesand avoid a groundless increase in the taxonomic statuses of morphs in the stage of development. Representatives of distant phylogenetic lines (morphs that separated historically long ago) are not to be considered assemispecies even in the cases of their reproductive isolation being broken and a steady hybridization existingbetween them.
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