Microstructure and Chemical Composition of Particles from Small-scale Gas Flaringстатья
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Дата последнего поиска статьи во внешних источниках: 20 ноября 2019 г.
Аннотация:Among globally relevant combustion sources, such as diesel emissions and biomass burning, gas flaring remains the most uncertain. A turbulent small-scale gas flaring is used to characterize particulate emissions produced at different flare conditions such as burner diameter, exit velocity, and fuel mixture. The fuel gas mixture is varied by modifying the percentages of methane, ethane, propane, butane, N2, and CO2, which are the predominant constituents in the upstream oil and gas industry. A broad suite of physical, chemical, and microscopic techniques characterizes the gas flaring properties. Scanning electron microscopy shows the soot agglomerates to be composed of primary spherules of 30 ± 10 nm. Raman spectroscopy reflects the disordered carbon and, qualitatively, the degree of graphitization. High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy was used to determine the length, tortuosity, and separation of individual graphene fringes in primary particles, revealing fullerenic-like, multiple-nuclei internal structure. Single-particle analysis reveals the dominant grouping of elemental carbon vs oxidized and mixed with contamination metals. Functionalized structure presents alkanes and aromatics with oxygenated compounds. The concept of water uptake is extended to categorize the particle hygroscopicity at microscopic level; this analysis reveals mainly hydrophobic particles. Intercomparing the gas flaring microstructure and composition addresses the typical features of high-temperature combustion of gaseous and fossil fuels.