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SOLAR POWER ENGINEERING AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMSстатья
- Автор: Govorushko S.M.
- Журнал: Международный научный журнал Альтернативная энергетика и экология
- Номер: 5
- Год издания: 2011
- Издательство: Науч.-техн. центр ТАТА
- Местоположение издательства: Саров
- Первая страница: 23
- Последняя страница: 26
- Аннотация: Solar radiation is the electromagnetic and corpuscular radiation of the Sun. The annual distribution of solar radiation on the Earth’s surface is not entirely dependent on latitude, as there are differences in cloudiness and transparency of the atmosphere. Solar radiation is categorized as direct, diffuse, and total solar radiation. A solar power plant is an engineering structure used for conversion of solar radiation into electric power. Sunlight can be converted into electricity by using photovoltaics. World solar photovoltaic (PV) installations produced 2.826 gigawatts peak in 2007, and 5.95 gigawatts in 2008, a 110% increase. Photovoltaics have mainly been used to power small and medium-sized applications, from the calculator powered by a single solar cell to off-grid homes powered by photovoltaic arrays. For large-scale generation, solar power plants are used. Electricity and heat are produced from solar radiation in the following ways: (1) generation of electric power by using photocells; (2) conversion of solar energy into electricity by means of thermal machines, such as (а) steam engines (piston or turbine) using steam, carbon dioxide gas, propane-butane, or freon and (b) Stirling engines (a kind of external combustion engine that may operate on any heat source); (3) solar power engineering (heating of a surface absorbing sun rays and subsequent distribution and use of the heat; focusing of solar radiation on a vessel containing water for subsequent application of the heated water in heating systems or steam electric generators); (4) thermo-air power plants (conversion of solar energy into the energy of an air stream directed to a turbo-generator); and (5) solar balloon power plants (generation of steam inside a balloon covered with a selectively absorbing coating that is heated by solar radiation). The methods of solar radiation conversion are different and depend on the power plant construction. All solar power plants (SPPs) are subdivided into several types: (1) tower-base SPPs; (2) dish-shaped SPPs; (3) SPPs using photovoltaic cells; (4) SPPs using parabolic concentrators; (5) combined SPPs; and (6) balloon SPPs. The negative effects of solar power engineering become apparent in the following: (1) condemnation of land; (2) contamination of natural media in manufacturing materials for plants; (3) contamination of the environment with highly toxic chlorates and nitrites from working fluid leaks; (4) influence on vegetation and soils when they are shaded by solar concentrators; (5) changes in the heat balance and humidity in the vicinity of plants; (6) climatic effects of SPPs in space; (7) television and radio noises; and (8) thermal effects on the environment of cooling a condensate.
- Добавил в систему: Говорушко Сергей Михайлович
Прикрепленные файлы
| № | Имя | Описание | Имя файла | Размер | Добавлен |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Полный текст | текст статьи | 3_86_Solar_power_text.pdf | 834,2 КБ | 12 февраля 2016 [GovorushkoSM] |