GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF THEIR USE

Govorushko, S.M.

Автор: Govorushko S.M.
Журнал: Международный научный журнал Альтернативная энергетика и экология
Номер: 5
Год издания: 2011
Издательство: Науч.-техн. центр ТАТА
Местоположение издательства: Саров
Первая страница: 45
Последняя страница: 48
Аннотация: Sources of geothermal energy are divided into 5 types: 1) dry steam geothermal fields; 2) the wet steam sources; 3) fields of geothermal water; 4) the dry hot rocks heated by the magma; 5) the magma. There are 5 key areas of geothermal energy use: 1) aquaculture and agriculture; 2) the pulp and paper industry; 3) food industry, 4) heating of buildings; 5) electricity production. A geothermal power plant is a power station that converts the heat in the Earth into electric power. At present, geothermal resources have been identified in some 90 countries, and there are quantified records of geothermal utilization in 72 countries. Electricity is produced from geothermal energy in 24 countries. A total of 56,786 gigawatt-hours of electricity was obtained from geothermal energy in 2005, accounting for 0.3% of worldwide electricity consumption. The five countries that led in geothermal electricity production (gigawatt-hours per year) late in 2005 were (1) the United States, 17,917; (2) the Philippines, 9,253; (3) Mexico, 6,282; (4) Indonesia, 6,085; and (5) Italy, 5,340. The global installed capacity was 10 gigawatts in 2007. Based on the rated electrical power (in megawatts), the following countries occupied the leading positions in 2007: (1) the United States, 2,687; (2) the Philippines, 1,969.7; (3) Indonesia, 992; (4) Mexico, 953; and (5) Italy, 810.5. At present, three types of geothermal power plants are used: (1) power plants operated on superheated steam (geothermal steam is directly used for rotation of turbines [dry steam]); (2) power plants operated on steam-hydrotherms (hot, deep water under high pressure is pumped into reservoirs at reduced pressure; the steam that is formed rotates a turbine [flash steam]); and (3) plants with a binary cycle (moderately hot water comes into contact with a second additional liquid having a lower boiling point; the heat of the geothermal water evaporates the second liquid, and the resulting vapours drive the turbines). Geothermal power stations have major adverse effects on the following environmental components: (1) atmosphere (the major contaminants are hydrogen sulphide, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, hydrogen, nitrogen, mercury vapour, radium, and radon); (2) geological environment (the effects are expressed as an increase in seismicity and subsidence of the Earth surface); (3) surface and underground waters (are polluted when waste waters are discharged, the most toxic pollutants are arsenic, boron, and hydrogen sulphide); (4) animal world (mainly affects aquatic life due to pollution of surface water); (5) condemnation of land; and (6) noise pollution.
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GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF THEIR USEстатья

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