ИСТИНА

The Global Land Indicators Initiative is a collaborative and inclusive process for the development of the Global Land Indicators started by the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC), UN-Habitat and the World Bank (WB), facilitated by GLTN. This initiative has now grown to include over 30 institutions around the world ranging from UN Agencies, Inter-governmental Organizations, International Nongovernmental Organizations, Farmer Organizations and the Academia. The Global Land Indicators Initiative (GLII) was established in 2012 with the aim to harmonize monitoring efforts around land tenure and governance. GLII seeks to derive a list of comparable and harmonized land indicators. To achieve this, GLII is exploring the range of monitoring mechanisms and data collection methods. The Initiative is supporting global and regional frameworks such as the Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance on Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests (VGGTs), agreed by 193 Member States and supported by civil society on the one hand, and the Framework and Guidelines (F&G) on land policy in Africa, a joint initiative of the African Union Commission, the African Development Bank and the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa on the other. GLII intends to foster partnership, inclusiveness, consultation, evidence-based indicators, people-centered approach and sustainability. Context Secure access to land for a range of land users has increasingly been recognized as a critical aspect in the attainment of various development goals, from poverty reduction, food security, gender equality and women's empowerment, sustainable cities and human settlements, ecosystems and biodiversity, to peaceful and inclusive societies, rule of law and capable institutions. For farmers, urban dwellers and all kinds of commercial ventures - small and large - secure tenure over land assets is part of an enabling environment for investment that raises productivity, creates income and helps to overcome poverty and food insecurity. For women, having secure tenure rights over land and associated natural resources, as well as housing and business assets is critical to attaining effective equal rights and power within the household, community and society. The respect and protection of legitimate tenure rights is important to the realization of a range of human rights, include rights to adequate housing and food, and the territorial rights of indigenous peoples. Understanding of tenure rights has also advanced in recent years. It is widely agreed that legitimate tenure rights should be seen as going beyond narrow categories of ownership and formally registered rights, to include a continuum of tenure rights. Particularly in many post-colonial contexts, a high proportion of legitimate land users rely on customary or informal forms of tenure that do not enjoy legal recognition and or protection. Although this has always been an issue of concern, it is becoming more pressing in the context of intense investor interest in land in developing countries. Recognition of a continuum of tenure implies recognizing such rights as legitimate and taking measures to enhance their protection, including through different forms of recording, as well as through legal reform. Currently, a large gap exists between the recognized policy importance of tenure and our ability to measure progress on this issue. Despite very many indicators being proposed by different stakeholders, piloted and used in different contexts, globally comparable datasets on key tenure issues, such as measures of tenure security and the distribution of access to land do not exist. Where data is collected, indicator definitions and methodologies vary greatly. Furthermore, geographical and temporal coverage is usually limited. The above limitations create obstacles to the proper tracking of policy processes, particularly at city, national and global levels. At the same time the need for land policy monitoring mechanisms has increased. Two frameworks particularly stand out. The VGGTs, and the Framework and Guidelines on Land Policy in Africa provide benchmarks and create an opportunity for governments and other actors to track and monitor progress. The possible inclusion of land-related targets in the Post-2015 Development Agenda/Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) also creates a need for globally comparable datasets on key land issues. In 2013 in particular, the UN High Level Panel of Eminent Persons on the Post-2015 Development Agenda

Результаты этапа 2015 года: Proposal for land and soil indicators to monitor the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Land and soils will contribute to the achievement of several SDGs. Therefore, appropriate accompanying indicators should be included in the Post-2015 Development Agenda to ensure effective monitoring. The purpose of this document is to provide decision-makers and stakeholders with concrete suggestions for indicators and how these indicators support the achievement of multiple goals for the on-going discussions on the Post-2015 Development Agenda. A group of experts on sustainable land and soil management (Annex I) convened by the European Environment Agency (EEA) and Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS), and further from the following organisations: Argentinian Soil Institute (INTA), European Commission - Joint Research Centre, French National Centre of Scientific Research (CNRS), German Aerospace Centre (DLR), German Federal Environment Agency, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), International Institute for Sustainability Analysis and Strategy (IINAS), ISRIC - World Soil Information, Moscow Lomonosov State University, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), South African Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), UNCCD, University of Greenwich, University of West Indies, Venezuelan Soil Science Association; met in Copenhagen, Denmark, on 5-6 February 2015 to develop a set of indicators to contribute to the Global Land Indicators Initiative (GLII) and the Post-2015 Development Agenda. The GLII is a multi-stakeholder platform of partners and individuals learning and sharing knowledge aimed at exploring innovative means of collecting data that will be affordable, easy and manageable by member states. Our goal is to complement GLII-agreed indicators on land tenure security, land conflict and dispute resolution, and land administration services with a set of indicators on sustainable land and soil management. In this document, we propose a shortlist of land and soil indicators and aim to develop a longlist to address the management of these resources in a more comprehensive manner within the wider framework of the GLII process. Rationale The proposed SDGs as per the outcome document of the Open Working Group highlight the need to protect land and soil resources in support of sustainable development. These resources underpin key services, such as the production of food, feed, fibre and fuel, the sequestration of carbon, nutrient cycling, protection of biodiversity, and water regulation. Therefore, land and soil will play a crucial role in the achievement of several goals. We support maintaining the references to land and soil in the final set of SDGs. More specifically, we support the need to "progressively improve land and soil quality" (proposed target 2.4); "to combat desertification, and restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land- degradation neutral world " (proposed target 15.3).  Discussions at the Copenhagen workshop focused on developing a joint understanding of land and soil indicators. The indicators proposed build upon the work by the UNCCD secretariat to explore the development of common land indicators across the Rio Conventions (UNCCD, CBD and UNFCCC2). According to this approach3, it is proposed to use readily available global data sources to measure the shortlist of global indicators in order to decrease the reporting burden on member states. This approach aims at limiting data collection efforts at national level, and puts greater emphasis on data quality improvement and interpretation. The indicators proposed in this document have been substantially discussed within global relevant fora (principally UNCCD). While there is no international consensus on an alternative proposal, there are concerns about the ability of these indicators to properly grasp the complexity of land and soil degradation. Even combined, they do not comprehensively address all quantity and quality aspects of land. Therefore, the monitoring of these indicators needs to take place within the context of broader monitoring and accountability strategies. Complementary indicators at national to sub- national scale that monitor issues relevant to specific national contexts are crucial. Countries should validate default global data with national data, using data sourced nationally/locally. In addition, monitoring of these indicators needs to be accompanied by local monitoring and accountability initiatives that include a wide range of stakeholders. Linking global data to (sub-) national data would thus blend a top-down with a bottom-up approach. UNCCD, United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification; CBD, United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity; and UNFCCC, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Documented in ICCD/COP(11)/CST/2 for presentation at the eleventh session of the Conference of the Parties - Committee on Science and Technology, held in Windhoek, Namibia, from 17-20 September 2013. Furthermore, the implementation process of the SDGs should live up to the aims for effective, accountable and transparent institutions and; for responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making at all levels outlined under proposed SDG 16 for peaceful and inclusive societies. We acknowledge that good governance of land and soil resources is essential and the GLII has developed indicators in this regard. Shortlist of land and soil indicators The indicators follow a tiered approach (see graphic below) and can be enriched at the national and sub-national level. The list of global land and soil indicators encompasses: 1) land cover/land use change, 2) land productivity change and 3) soil organic carbon change. These indicators are measurable and essential in capturing a minimum of land characteristics that are globally comparable.