ИСТИНА

The report is devoted to the presentation of basis of the theory of separation of binary isotope mixtures of isotopologues of light elements using separation units of first and second type. The properties and regularities of the operation of these separating units are considered. Taking into account that the most modern methods for separating isotopes of light elements are based on the use of reversible separation processes in separating units of the second type, the main attention is paid to them in the report. In these separating units, the processes of phase and chemical isotopic exchange (PhIE and ChIE) are carried out. The methods of calculation of single isotopic effects (separation factor) are considered: in the processes of PhIE - based on the properties of pure components of the isotope mixture, in the processes of ChIE - using the methods of statistical thermodynamics taking into account the relationship between the separation factor and the equilibrium constant of the chemical reaction. The principles of constructing cascades of separating units are given. Based on the analysis of the fundamental enrichment equation, the ideal and rectangular cascades are compared. Using the McCabe - Thiele diagrams, methods are given for calculating the concentrating and exhaustive of target isotope cascades. The concluding part of the report gives a brief overview of the most common in the world technologies for separation of isotopes of hydrogen, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen.