ИСТИНА

In this talk, we discuss the evolution of intensifying pronouns into discourse elements in two distantly related lects: Upper Andi (<Andic, East Caucasian) and Rutul (<Lezgic, East Caucasian). Although these are lects without a long historical record, we will show that their synchronic data point at possible grammaticalization processes yielding elements which can be classified as restrictive particles and adversative conjunctions.