ИСТИНА

An updated molecular phylogeny of Polygoneae was obtained with Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian analyses (BI) applied for the DNA sequence data (ITS1&2 regions of nrDNA and combined trnL intron(UAA) + trnL-F IGS and rpl32–trnL (UAG) IGS regions of plastid genome). Knorringia is an isolated lineage sister to the rest Polygoneae. The clade including Fallopia, Muehlenbeckia, and Reynoutria is sister to the clade including Atraphaxis, Duma, Polygonum, and Polygonella. Duma is grouped with Polygonum and Polygonella in plastid topology, and is a separate lineage in ITS-based topology. The clade of Polygonum and Polygonella is sister to Atraphaxis s.l. in which a new genus Persepolium (=Polygonum sect. Avicularia subsect. Spinescentia) was established forming the clade immediately sister to Atraphaxis s.s. Based on molecular and morphological data, a new genus Bactria was described as a sister to the clade (Atraphaxis s.s. plus Persepolium). Bactria ovczinnikovii from Pamir and B. lazkovii from Tien Shan are grouped in plastid topology, but demonstrate paraphyly in ITS-based topology. The intra-individual ITS1-2 polymorphism and strongly different secondary structure of ITS1 detected in B. lazkovii are arguing for the hybrid origin from an unknown Bactria species and an unknown donor (donors) of different ITS variants, one of which demonstrates partial pseudogenization. Striking intra-individual polymorphism of sporoderm surface detected in B. lazkovii agrees with this suggestion. The standard maximum parsimony (MP) analysis and three-taxon statement analysis (3TA) were applied to the comprehensive morphological dataset of 22 accessions of Bactria, Persepolium, and Atraphaxis. s.s. In total, 27 characters, including the life history, habitus, morphology of the shoots, leaf blades, ochreas, perianth, achene, the ultrasculpture of perianth and achene surfaces, as well as the pollen morphology were analyzed. All the characters were conceptualized with a certain number of states and treated as unordered. The obtained patterns of the relationships are congruent to the ITS-based topologies resulted from the molecular treatments of the same taxonomical complex. MP reconstructions of perianth and pollen morphology were performed for Polygoneae using topologies that resulted from ML analyses of molecular data sets. MP reconstructions of selected morphological traits were performed for the clade including Bactria, Persepolium, and Atraphaxis s.s., using topologies that resulted from MP analysis of morphological data set. The campanulate perianth of 5 equal-sized segments and microreticulato-perforate sporoderm surface detected in Bactria and Persepolium are symplesiomorphies. The perianth with accresent inner segments and long filiform tube is an apomorphy appeared in Atraphaxis s.s. from the campanulate perianth. Striato-perforate sporoderm surface shared by Atraphaxis and Persepolium dumosum is treated as a homoplasy. Preliminary molecular phylogeny of Atraphaxis was built with ML and BI applied for 65 tips combined plastid matrix based on 3-loci (cpDNA trnL(UAA) intron, trnL–trnF IGS, and rpl32–trnL(UAG) IGS regions). The section Atraphaxis with dimeric flowers forms a distal subclade, the members of sections Tragopyrum, Physopyrum with specialized pentamerous perianth and the species with campanulate perianth of 5 equal-sized segments form no subclades. The ITS-based topology is incongruent to combined plastid phylogeny due to probable allopolyploid origin of many species.