ИСТИНА

Place names are formed in the historic-geographical landscapes under the influence of diverse natural and cultural factors, in specific linguistic and ethnic environments. The perception of a geographical landscape by the human groups, which settle in it and transform it thereby to a historic-geographical, reflects first in toponymy. The toponymic component of the historic-geographical landscape through this process is formed. That is why it is the most important indicator of the landscape, and historic-geographical reconstruction of the stages of its development allows us to understand its evolution, to identify landscape-forming elements, valuable heritage objects, the foundations of the stability of multicomponent complexes in which modern socio-economic and cultural systems exist. Toponymy is one of the most important components of the historic-geographical landscapes, which are characterized by the typicality or uniqueness of their attributes, thereby forming their own subsystems. Historic-geographical landscapes include toponymic subsystem typical of the region, and unique, clearly distinguished by their features among other functionally similar geographical objects. Unique toponyms are inextricably intertwined with typical ones, but uncharacteristic of this or neighboring landscapes, which arose under unclear ethnological, linguistic and, in general, historic-geographical circumstances. Such toponyms usually include the most ancient, with an unclear etymology, transferred from very distant places during population migrations. Also, the geographical names of this category may have a relatively clear etymology, but at the same time they are formed under obviously unique circumstances, and therefore practically do not find analogues. Often during the centuries of the landscapes' evolution, the population changed, the same way changed the toponymic perception of the space, causing in result contradictions and even conflicts, which are represented all over the world till nowadays. It makes the research of the changes of the historic-geographical landscapes' toponymic perception permanently actual.