ИСТИНА

Essence of geographical approach to landscape and territorial planning requires paying priority attention to consideration of relations between components and spatial subsystems in a landscape. Landscape planning decisions should aim at maximum possible adaptation of economic activity to landscape pattern and minimization of ecological and social conflicts between stakeholders. We argue that multistructural organization of space force to apply simultaneously various models of landscape pattern involving concepts of landscape-morphological unit, basin, catena, matrix. We propose 15 more or less universal rules for landscape-planning decision that contribute to supporting landscape diversity, emergent effects of spatial pattern, geometrical properties of landscape units, lateral interaction and distribution of anthropogenic loads in space and time. Rules were formulated in short as follows. 1) Adapt activity to landscape pattern in support natural self-regulation. 2) Protect rare units and concentrate loads in typical ones, in already disturbed in particular. 3) Disturb areas not larger than natural disturbances and simulate natural mosaics. 4) Protect ecotones and consider their multifunctionality. 5) Regulate spatial ratios of landscape units to ensure emergent properties. 6) Compensate disturbances by protecting or restoring similar distant units. 7) Optimize shape and size of units depending on main ecological values. 8) Restrict loads with consideration to distant effects. 9) Create or protect buffer strips between dangerous flows and vulnerable objects. 10) Minimize dispersion of undesirable flows. 11) Locate vulnerable object outside impact zone of dangerous object. 12) Avoid unnecessary fragmentation of natural units. 13) Locate incompatible activities in opposite sectors of the planned area. 14) Preserve alternative resource instead of lost ones. 15) Consider long-term natural trends.